![]() While this collection lacks the accessibility necessary to achieve a broad impact in medieval or early modern studies it makes an important contribution to the ongoing debate on the place of the medieval world in the evolution of human rights discourse and its connection to modern perceptions of natural human rights. The result of this query is a provocative and intellectually diverse collection of 11 essays from a panel of philosophers, theologians, and historians drawn from across the western world (Finland, Germany, the USA, and the UK). Perturbed by the modern obsession with subjective rights discourse that seemingly walks hand in hand with an " uncaring egoism " and " loss of commitment to any kind of common good " (vii), the editors of this collection felt a compulsion to understand better the origins of the modern sense of natural human rights and how it came to be so far divorced from Christian morality. Virpi Mäkinen and Petter Korkman's thoughtful exploration of the medieval and early modern discourse of natural human rights began in outrage. The prominent infusing of Christian faith in Europe during the Middle Ages, based on its biblical teachings, imbued a pervasiveness of freedom. Freedom was an irony of religious persecution and feudalism. Two factors that jumpstarted freedom were religious education and general repression. The examination of contemporary texts not only show that the concept of freedom existed in medieval Europe, but also that it was realized. Middle Age Europe embraced a Biblical, and more specifically, New Testament truths of human freedom. The historical support for how this concept was imbued and can be identified is in the mechanisms of law, religion, and middle age institutions. Moreover, it will examine the histories of being expressed by events and declaration of rights. This work will address its emerging from the Bible and its biblical meaning as it progressed during the antithesis of feudalistic servitude. ![]() It will explore freedom as understood from both its religious and secular impacts. ![]() This research endeavors to narrate the histories of freedom as it progressed during the Middle Ages out of Christianity. ![]()
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